Introduction To Surveying

                      Introduction to Surveying

Introduction to Surveying the art of determining the relative positions of different object on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distance between andby preparing a map to any suitable scale. Definition of Surveying Objects. Chapter 1 Introduction surveying.Classifications of Surveying.

Surveying:

It is the craft of deciding the general places of a various article on the outside of the earth by estimating the flat separation among them and by setting up a guide to any reasonable scale. Along these lines, in this procedure, the estimations are taken just in the level plane.

Studying is the craft of deciding the overall places of the various item on the outside of the earth.
By estimating the flat separations among them, and by setting up a guide to an appropriate scale. Consequently, in this control, the estimations are taken just in the even plane.

Leveling:

Leveling is the specialty of deciding the relative vertical separation of various focuses on the outside of earth. Thus, in leveling, the estimations are taken just in the vertical plane.
Leveling is the craft of deciding the relative vertical separations of various focuses on the outside of the earth.
Accordingly, in leveling, the estimations are taken just in the vertical plane.

Types of Surveying [Classification]:

A. Primary [Classification]:

1. Plane surveying 
2. Geodetic surveying  

Plane Surveying :

The state of the earth is circular. Accordingly, the surface is clearly bent. In any case, in-plane looking over the shape of the earth isn't considered. This is on the grounds that plane studying is done over a little territory, so the outside of the earth is considered as a plane. The level of precision required in this sort of studying is totally low. Plane reviewing is done on a territory of under 250km^2.

Geodetic surveying :

In geodetic looking over the ebb and flow of the earth is thought about. It is reached out over a huge region more prominent than 250km2. The line joining any two points considered as a bent line. Exceptionally refined techniques and instruments are utilized in this sort of looking over. IN this technique high exactness or precision is required.

Secondary classification:

1. Based on instrument:

1. Chain Survey.
2. Compass survey.
3. Plane Table survey.
4. Theodolite survey.
5. Tacheometric Survey.
6. Photographic survey.     

2. Based on methods:

1. Triangulation Survey.
2. Traverse Survey.

3. Based on Objects:

1. Geological survey.
2. Mine survey.
3. Archeological Survey.
4. Military survey.

 4. Based on nature of field

   A. Land Survey.

   B. Marine survey.

   C. Astronomical survey.

                      USE OF SURVEYING

1. Topographical Map:

Topographical map which shows the hills, valleys, rivers, villages town, forests, etc. of a country.

2. Cadastral Map:

Cadastral map showing the boundaries of fields, houses and other properties.

3. Engineering Map:

Building map which shows the subtleties of designing works, for example, streets , railroads, repositories, water system waterways, and so on.

4. Military Map:

Military guide indicating the street and railroad correspondences with various pieces of a nation . A guide additionally shows the distinctive vital focuses significant for the barrier of a nation.

5. Contour Map:

Contour map to determine the capacity of a reservoir and to find the best possible routes of roads, railways, etc.

6. Geological Map:

      Geological map showing areas including underground resources.
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General Principle of surveying

TTo work from the entire to the part, and 

To find another station by at any rate two estimations ( direct or rakish) from fixed reference focuses. 

Working from whole to part. 

go as to limit botches and check their total, a ton of control centers is continually settled with unfathomable precision first for the whole area to be contemplated. later on, nuances or filled in these control centers to a decently more diminutive exactness. 

this basic work rule is known as "Working from whole to part". 

fixing a point concerning two fixed focuses.review stations are fixed by atleast two estimations, either both direct or rakishestimations or straight and exact estimations from two control centers.

            

        

  

        
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     Questions and Answer:  

1 What is classification of surveying?

= primary and secondary

2 What is surveying primary classified under.

= plane and geodetic

3 Plane surveying is done on area.

= less than 250 km²

4 Geodetic surveying is done on area.

= more then 250 km²

5 What is surveying secondary classification under.

= Best on instruments, methods, object, nature of field

6 General principle of surveying.

= whole to the part

7 The locate a new station by at least two measurements.

= Linear or angular

8 The walking step of a man is considered.

= 2.5ft or 80cm

9 The mechanical device stop watch.

= passometer

10 The used in automobiles for recording distances.

= Speedmeter

11 The distance are directly measuredin the field.

= Chain or Tape

12 EDM is ?

= Electronic distance measurement

13 GAD is ?

= Gallium Arsenide Diode

14 Ranging rods length is.

= 2m

15 Different types of chains.

= 5 type

16 Metric chain length is.

= 20 or 30m

17 Steel band length is .

= 20 or 30m

18 Engineers chain length is.

= 100ft

19 Gunters chain length is.

= 66ft

20 Revenue chain length is.

= 33ft

21 Defferent type of tape.

= 4 type

22 Cloth or Linen tape length is.

= 10 and 15m

23 Metallic tape length is.

= 15 , 20 and 30m

24 Steel tape length is.

= 50m

25 Inver tape length is.

= 100m

26 Inver tape made is.

= steel (64%) and nickel (36%)

27 Arrows length is.

= 400mm

28 Who drags the forward end of the chain .

= Leader

29 Who holds the zero end of the chain.

= Follower

30 Chain free but vision obstructed is.

= jungle area

31 Chaining obstructed but vision free is.

= pond

32 Chaining and vision both obstructed is.

= building

33 Slope correction is.

= always negative

34 Differents type of scale.

= plane and diagonal

35 Plane scale ued to units.

= two successive

 36 Diagonal scale used to units.

= three successive

37 Horizontal plane is.

= surveying

38 vertical plane is.

= leveling

39 RF full form.

= Representative fraction

40 How many ranging rods are required to range a line?

= Three ranging rods

41 The object of surveying is to prepare a

= map

42 The curvature of the earth is ignored.

= plane surveying

43 Surveying which depict the natural features of a  country is.

= Topographical surveys

44 A 20m chain is divided into

= 100 links

45 A 30m chain is divided into

= 150 links

46 One links mean the distance from

= centre to centre of middile rings

47 The end link is considered

= including the length of the handle

48 Sag correction is

= always negative

49 The difference between the are length and chord length for a distance of 18.2 km is only

= 10cm

50 Cumulative error is

= L

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